Baseline characteristics of diabetic cohort stratified according to TMAO tertiles.
Total (n = 1216) | Tertile 1 (n = 401) | Tertile 2 (n = 414) | Tertile 3 (n = 401) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 64.4 ± 10.2 | 61.1 ± 9.7 | 65.2 ± 9.9 | 66.9 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Male, % | 58 | 64 | 57 | 53 | 0.004 |
Hypertension, % | 79 | 74 | 76 | 88 | <0.001 |
Smoking, % | 63 | 65 | 60 | 65 | 0.355 |
History of MI, % | 47 | 43 | 46 | 51 | 0.067 |
History of stroke, % | 8 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 0.002 |
History of CABG,a % | 34 | 28 | 33 | 41 | <0.001 |
History of PCI, % | 35 | 36 | 34 | 35 | 0.796 |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dLb | 95 (76–115) | 96 (77–114) | 95 (79–118) | 93 (73–114) | 0.203 |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dLb | 33 (27–40) | 35 (28–41) | 33 (28–39) | 32 (26–38) | <0.001 |
hsCRP, mg/L | 3.3 (1.3–8.3) | 2.9 (1.2–8.2) | 3.2 (1.4–7.9) | 4.0 (1.4–8.8) | 0.155 |
eGFR, mL · min−1 · (1.73 m2)−1 | 82 (62–94) | 92 (83–100) | 80 (65–93) | 61 (45–82) | <0.001 |
ACE inhibitor/ARB, % | 59 | 55 | 60 | 63 | 0.038 |
Statins, % | 64 | 67 | 64 | 62 | 0.335 |
β-Blockers, % | 66 | 66 | 66 | 66 | 0.982 |
Aspirin, % | 75 | 76 | 78 | 72 | 0.112 |
Glucose-lowering drugs, % | 55 | 46 | 54 | 64 | <0.001 |
TMAO, μmol/L | 4.4 (2.8–7.7) | 2.3 (1.7–2.8) | 4.4 (3.7–5.3) | 9.7 (7.8–14.9) | <0.001 |
Choline, μmol/L | 10.6 (8.4–13.5) | 9.2 (7.7–11.1) | 10.4 (8.6–13.2) | 12.6 (10.0–16.2) | <0.001 |
Betaine, μmol/L | 39 (30.7–49.6) | 37.6 (30.6–47) | 38.8 (30.1–49.7) | 40.7 (31.7–51.9) | 0.022 |