Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of diabetic cohort stratified according to TMAO tertiles.

	Total (n = 1216)	Tertile 1 (n = 401)	Tertile 2 (n = 414)	Tertile 3 (n = 401)	P value
Age, years	64.4 ± 10.2	61.1 ± 9.7	65.2 ± 9.9	66.9 ± 10.1	<0.001
Male, %	58	64	57	53	0.004
Hypertension, %	79	74	76	88	<0.001
Smoking, %	63	65	60	65	0.355
History of MI, %	47	43	46	51	0.067
History of stroke, %	8	5	7	12	0.002
History of CABG,^{^a} %	34	28	33	41	<0.001
History of PCI, %	35	36	34	35	0.796
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL^{^b}	95 (76–115)	96 (77–114)	95 (79–118)	93 (73–114)	0.203
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL^{^b}	33 (27–40)	35 (28–41)	33 (28–39)	32 (26–38)	<0.001
hsCRP, mg/L	3.3 (1.3–8.3)	2.9 (1.2–8.2)	3.2 (1.4–7.9)	4.0 (1.4–8.8)	0.155
eGFR, mL · min⁻¹ · (1.73 m²)⁻¹	82 (62–94)	92 (83–100)	80 (65–93)	61 (45–82)	<0.001
ACE inhibitor/ARB, %	59	55	60	63	0.038
Statins, %	64	67	64	62	0.335
β-Blockers, %	66	66	66	66	0.982
Aspirin, %	75	76	78	72	0.112
Glucose-lowering drugs, %	55	46	54	64	<0.001
TMAO, μmol/L	4.4 (2.8–7.7)	2.3 (1.7–2.8)	4.4 (3.7–5.3)	9.7 (7.8–14.9)	<0.001
Choline, μmol/L	10.6 (8.4–13.5)	9.2 (7.7–11.1)	10.4 (8.6–13.2)	12.6 (10.0–16.2)	<0.001
Betaine, μmol/L	39 (30.7–49.6)	37.6 (30.6–47)	38.8 (30.1–49.7)	40.7 (31.7–51.9)	0.022

↵a CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.
↵b To convert mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply cholesterol by 0.02586.